Permanent Dentition

Since there were no differences in time and sequence of emergence of the permanent dentition between the left and right sides of a puppy’s mouth, no further distinction was made between the sides.
Also, no further distinction was made between female and male puppies to establish breed-specific or breed size-specific reference values or to study sequences, as the differences were not clinically significant.
The breed size classes were: Toy (< 5 kg); small (5–10 kg), medium (11–25 kg), large (25–44 kg) and giant (> 45 kg).
The skull type classes were: skull type 1 (dolichocephalic, CI < 48), skull type 2 (mildly dolichocephalic, CI between 48 and 51), skull type 3 (mesaticephalic, CI between 52 and 69), skull type 4 (mildly brachycephalic, CI between 70 and 75), skull type 5 (brachycephalic, CI > 75).